[8][a] The question of just how personally responsible Robespierre was for the law of 22 Prairial remains controversial. It might be outdated or ideologically biased. Cambon replied that was not his intention; applause followed and the session was closed. Podcast (52 min.) "[273] Two pieces were directed upon the convention, who, retiring to the gardens, sought an outlet at various points, but found all the issues guarded. From the moment of its acceptance, it was made meaningless, first by the Convention itself, which had been charged to dissolve itself on completion of the document, then by the construction of the working institutions of the Terror. Robespierre briefly presided over the influential Jacobin Club, a political club based in Paris. In: Annales historiques de la R辿volution fran巽aise, n属287, 1992. pp. ), Robespierre, (Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, 1967), p. 136. [145][146] The periodical, printed by his neighbour Nicolas served multiple purposes: to print his speeches, to counter the influence of the royal court in public policy, and to defend him from the accusations of Girondist leaders;[147] for Soboul its purpose was to give voice to the economic and democratic interests of the broader masses in Paris and defend their rights. On Saturday 17 July, Bailly and La Fayette declared a ban on gathering followed by martial law. Early in the morning on (Friday, 10 August) 30,000 F辿d辿r辿s (volunteers from the countryside) and Sans-culottes (militants from the Paris sections) led a successful assault upon the Tuileries;[172] according to Robespierre a triumph for the "passive" (non-voting) citizens. [250][251][252] [148] Robespierre himself wrote a prospectus in which he explained to the subscribers his goals. Some of his colleagues saw his refusal to compromise and his rigid stand against all authority as extreme and impractical. [394] Robespierre denounced the French minister to the newly formed United States, Edmond-Charles Gen棚t, who had sided with Sonthonax, and informed the Committee not to count on the whites to manage the colony. On 31 October Brissot and 21 Girondins were guillotined in 36 minutes by Charles-Henri Sanson. In 1799, a military coup led by Napoleon Bonaparte overthrew the Directory and established him as the first consul, with dictatorial powers. He reasoned thus: those who are virtuous are right; error is a corruption of the heart; error cannot be sincere; error is always deliberate. Protesters claimed that the Girondins were responsible for the high prices. [65][66], As a frequent speaker in the Assembly, Robespierre voiced many ideas in support of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (1789) and constitutional provisions for the Constitution of 1791 but rarely attracted a majority among fellow deputies, according to Malcolm Crook. [258][259] Robespierre left the Convention after applause from the left side and obviously went to the town hall. Bulletin de l���Assembl辿e nationale, 20 juillet 1789, p. 8-9, M辿moires authentiques de Maximilien Robespierre: orn辿s de son portrait et de ... by Maximilien de Robespierre, p. 20-21, La Maison de Robespierre, rue de Saintonge, �� Paris by Georges Michon. In the latter months of 1793 he came to dominate the Committee of Public Safety, the principal organ of the Revolutionary government during the Reign of Terror, but in 1794 he was . PROFILE BOOKS LTD. Kindle Edition. 6. 131���35. In January he held several speeches in response to the decision making the exercise of civil rights dependent on a certain sum in the tax. [58] Discussing the matter and attacking Lally-Tollendal who called for law and order Robespierre reminded to the citizens who had defended liberty a few days before, but were not allowed to have access to it. Although he was a left-wing bourgeoisie inspired by Enlightenment principles and philosophers such as Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Montesquieu, many considered his actions a "Reign of Terror". Death: July 28 1794 - Paris, 75056, Paris, Ile-De-France, Frankrijk. This is the closest Robespierre came to adopting a public position against the use of terror. On Saturday 1 June the Commune gathered almost all day and devoted to the preparation of a great movement. (2016) The French Revolution, p. 161-162, Walter, G. (1961) Robespierre �� la tribune, p. 288, Annales patriotiques et litt辿raires de la France, et affaires politiques de l���Europe 17 septembre 1793, p. 3, Richard T. Bienvenu (1968) The Ninth of Thermidor, p. 22; R.R. Gallimard. The Paris armed sections were incorporated in 48 battalions of the National Guard under Santerre. "Yesterday a member of the government was left quite isolated and made a speech in his own name; today another one has done the same thing." [338][339] Robespierre strongly believed that the Terror should be increased in intensity, rather than diminished; "the Government has to defend itself" [against conspirators] and "to the enemies of the people it owes only death. [311] Though the Constitution was overwhelmingly popular and its drafting and ratification buoyed popular support for the Montagnards, on 10 October the Convention set it aside indefinitely until a future peace. What is Maximilien de Robespierre birthday? [99] On Sunday 15 May the Constituent Assembly declared full and equal citizenship for all free people of color. Profiles in power. According to Bar竪re: "We never deceived ourselves that Saint-Just, cut out as a more dictatorial boss, would have ended up overthrowing him to put himself in his place; we also knew that we stood in the way of his projects and that he would have us guillotined; we had him stopped. Experience has proven, despite Louis XVI and his allies, that the opinion of the Jacobins and the popular clubs were those of the French Nation; no citizen has made them, and I did nothing other than share in them.[207]. On 10 March 1793, a provisional Revolutionary Tribunal was established; the Convention appointed Fouquier-Tinville as the public prosecutor and Fleuriot-Lescot as his assistant. "La Diffusion des st辿r辿otypes r辿volutionnaires dans la litt辿rature et le cin辿ma anglo-saxons (1789���1989). On 4 September, the Sans-culottes again invaded the convention. Sadly, Jacqueline died when Maximilien was only six years old. - Párizs, 1794. július 28. [507] A military doctor was invited and removed some of his teeth and fragments of his broken jaw. 17���36. His most famous case took place in May 1783 and involved a lightning rod in St. Omer. Walter, G. (1961) Robespierre, p. 91-93. On 8 September, the banks and exchange offices were closed to prevent the exchange of forged assignats and the export of capital. Maximilien François Marie Isidore de Robespierre (French: [mak.si.mi.ljɛ̃ fʁɑ̃.swa ma.ʁi i.zi.dɔʁ də ʁɔ.bɛs.pjɛʁ]; 6 May 1758 - 28 July 1794) was a French lawyer and statesman who was one of the best-known and most influential figures of the French Revolution.As a member of the Constituent Assembly and the Jacobin Club, he campaigned for universal manhood suffrage and the . The Committee of Public Safety and the Reign of Terror, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Maximilien-Robespierre, Alpha History - Biography of Maximilien François, Heritage History - Biography of Robespierre, Age of the Sage - Transmitting the Wisdoms of the Ages - Biography of Maximilien Robespierre, Maximilien de Robespierre - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up), Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen. On 25 October the Revolutionary government was accused of doing nothing. Roger Dupuy (2010) La Garde nationale 1789���1872. On 12 October when H辿bert accused Marie-Antoinette of incest with her son, Robespierre had dinner with some strong supporters Bar竪re, Louis de Saint-Just and Joachim Vilate. 19 Girondins, ten members of the Commission of Twelve and two ministers. Among these 1,200 men, Robespierre found a sympathetic audience. The next day, he and 21 of his allies were executed at the guillotine. Laurent Lecointre was the instigator of the coup,[447] assisted by Bar竪re, Fr辿ron, Barras, Tallien, Thuriot, Courtois, Rov竪re, Garnier de l���Aube and Guffroy. [134] Not only the National Guard but also the people had to be armed, if necessary with pikes. After Louis XVI's failed flight to Varennes, the Assembly decreed that the king be suspended from his duties on 25 June until further notice. 103, No. Gallimard. Collot d'Herbois gave his chair to Robespierre, who presided that evening. [292] At the end of August Toulon hoisted the royal flag and delivered the port to the British navy. [214][215] He is a priest who has his devotees but it is evident that all of his power lies in the "distaff'. [214] The Girondines called on the local authorities to oppose the concentration and centralization of power. In late January, a small delegation of mixed colour, representing the slaveholders, their opponents, as well as a former slave arrived in France. On 10 October the Convention decreed to recognize the Committee of Public Safety as the supreme "Revolutionary Government",[309] (which was consolidated on 4 December). Danton showed too often his vices and not his virtue. [51][52] On 14 July, the people demanded arms and stormed the H担tel des Invalides and the Bastille. He became a devotee of social philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau, intrigued by the idea of a virtuous man who stands alone accompanied only by his conscience. His father, Fran巽ois Maximilien Barth辿l辿my de Robespierre (1732���1777), was a lawyer at the Conseil d'Artois who married Jacqueline Marguerite Carrault (1735���1764), the daughter of a brewer, when she fell pregnant. Robespierre delivered two speeches in which he emphasized his concept of a Supreme Being: Is it not He whose immortal hand, engraving on the heart of man the code of justice and equality, has written there the death sentence of tyrants? On 15 June, the president of the Committee of General Security Vadier on behalf of the two committees presented a report on a new conspiracy by Catherine Th辿ot, Christophe Antoine Gerle and three others. Maximilien De Robespierre was a very complex revolutionary political leader who greatly influenced the French Revolution. By the summer of 1794, many in the Revolutionary government began to question his motives, as the country was no longer threatened by outside enemies. He also studied the works of the Genevan philosophe Jean-Jacques Rousseau and was attracted to many ideas, written in his "Contrat Social". The National Convention then passed a decree banning slavery on 4 February and examine the behavior of Sonthonax and Polverel. [479][480] At around 11 p.m., Saint-Just was delivered,[481] after which LeBas and Dumas were brought in. Maximilien de Robespierre was died at 1794-07-28. [34], On 15 November 1783, he was elected a member of the literary Academy of Arras. [430] Almost all the workers in Paris were on strike. La première édition scientifique des Œuvres de Maximilien Robespierre, sous l'égide de la Société des études robespierristes, s'est échelonnée de 1912 à 1967. On 26 April 1789, Robespierre was elected as one of 16 deputies for Pas-de-Calais to the Estates-General; others were Charles de Lameth and Albert de Beaumetz. As a member of the Estates-General, the Constituent Assembly and the Jacobin Club, Robespierre was an outspoken advocate for the poor and for democratic institutions. It targeted and systematically executed perceived enemies of the Revolution. He resigned as a judge rather than pronounce a sentence of death and tried to abolish the death penalty. In fact, a whole new political mythology was being created. His family has been traced back to the 15th century in Vaudricourt, Pas-de-Calais; one of his ancestors, Robert de Robespierre, worked as a notary in Carvin the mid-17th century. Maximilien de Robespierre was born at 1758-05-06. II, part III. [262][256][263] The 29 May was occupied in preparing the public mind. A chilling exploration of Robespierre s justification of the Terror in the French Revolution. Alarmed at the progress of the Revolution, the moderate Jacobins in favour of a constitutional monarchy founded the club of the Feuillants on the next day, taking with them 264 deputies. The Haitian Revolution and the Abolition of Slavery, pp. According to Michelet: "Robespierre, as usual, walked quickly, with an agitated air. [408] According to Madame de Sta谷l, it was from that time he was lost. Charles de Gaulle rose from French soldier in World War I to exiled leader and, eventually, president of the Fifth Republic. Maximilien François Marie Isidore de Robespierre, more commonly known as Maximilien Robespierre, was a leading member of the French Revolution who is best remembered today for his role in the . What is this spirit of persecution which has directed itself against those who freed us from chains?[208]. ISSN (print) 0265-6914, J.F. "Memorandum from the Visual Arts Section of the People's Commissariat for Enlightenment to the Soviet of People's Commissars: Project for the Organization of Competitions for Monuments to Distinguished Persons (1918). The president of the Convention Maximin Isnard, who had enough of the tyranny of the Commune, threatened with the total destruction of Paris. [474] Nothing could be done without an order of the mayor. Davidson, Ian. On 3 April Robespierre declared before the Convention that the whole war was a prepared game between Dumouriez and Brissot to overthrow the First French Republic. On Monday 13 July, the National Assembly proposed to reestablish the "bourgeois militia" in Paris to control the riots. Palmer (1970) The Twelve who ruled, p. 383, 395, R.R. "Revolutionary Connection: 'The Incorruptible' Maximilian Robespierre and the 'Schoolmaster of Chartism' Bronterre O���Brien. It then appointed Barras and ordered troops (4,000 men) to be called out. [242] The proposal was unanimously adopted by the National Convention and set up by Martial Herman on 8 April. Without going into detail the militia changed its name into National Guard,[53] keeping the very poorest citizens at arm's length. A Wikimédia Commons tartalmaz Maximilien de Robespierre témájú médiaállományokat. [416] Almost all the deputies agreed it had become dangerous. [440] At length Lecointre of Versailles arose and proposed that the speech should be printed. Editions Gallimard. Forword of History of the French Revolution from 1789 to 1814 by Fran巽ois Mignet (1826), Hibbert, C. (1980) The French Revolution, p. 55, Florence Devenne, 束 La garde Nationale; cr辿ation et 辿volution (1789-ao短t 1792) 損, Annales historiques de la R辿volution fran巽aise. Remember the lessons of history and philosophy: love is stronger, more lasting than fear. In October he was appointed a judge of the Versailles tribunal. Leiden, Niederlande: Brill. Gallimard. Gallimard. "[130] Already, Robespierre knew that he had lost, as he failed to gather a majority. Since March they had organized a spy system among the representatives in the Convention whom they wanted to destroy. Lang, Timothy, "Rousseau and the Paradox of the Nation-State" (2018). [100] On 16���18 May when the elections began, Robespierre proposed and carried the motion that no deputy who sat in the Constituent assembly could sit in the succeeding Legislative assembly. Leader during the French Revolution. . In his third speech on the war, Robespierre countered in the Jacobin club, "A revolutionary war must be waged to free subjects and slaves from unjust tyranny, not for the traditional reasons of defending dynasties and expanding frontiers..." Indeed, argued Robespierre, such a war could only favour the forces of counter-revolution, since it would play into the hands of those who opposed the sovereignty of the people. Rose, p. 54, Discussion suite �� la motion de M. de Lally-Tollendal relative �� l'辿tablissement d'une milice bourgeoise, lors de la s辿ance du 20 juillet 1789, Maximilien Robespierre: Oeuvres ��� N属 52, The politics of escalation in French Revolutionary protest: political demonstrations, non-violence and violence in the grandes journ辿es of 1789 by Micah Alpaugh, p. 357, "Robespierre, "Speech Denouncing the New Conditions of Eligibility," 22 October 1789 揃 Liberty, Equality, Fraternity", "Robespierre, "Speech Denouncing the New Conditions of Eligibility, "Le club des Jacobins de Paris | Histoire et analyse d'images et oeuvres", P. McPhee (2013) "My Strength and My Health Are not Great Enough": Political Crises and Medical Crises in the Life of Maximilien Robespierre, 1790���1794, Les d辿buts de la Garde nationale parisienne (1789���1791) by Maurice Genty, Thouret Jacques-Guillaume. Robespierre worked fervently to ensure the king's execution. Robespierre tried to appeal to women because in the early days of the Revolution when he had tried to appeal to men, he had failed. Please select which sections you would like to print: While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. He began: "I am from no faction; I will contend against them all. In 1764, Madame de Robespierre died in childbirth. [113] It is therefore neither a monarchy nor a republic. Threatened from within by the movement for federalism and by the civil war in the Vendée in the northwest and threatened at the frontiers by the anti-French coalition, the . 3 (Jun. On 25 November, the remains of Comte de Mirabeau were removed from the Pantheon and replaced with those of Jean-Paul Marat. [512] On Thuriot's proposal, the Revolutionary Tribunal was suspended and replaced by a temporary commission. In: Archives Parlementaires de 1787 �� 1860 ��� Premi竪re s辿rie (1787���1799) Tome VIII du 5 mai 1789 au 15 septembre 1789. Gallimard. Paris, Gallimard, Gazette nationale ou le Moniteur universel, 4 & 5 juin 1793, Le R辿publicain fran巽ais, 14 septembre 1793, p. 2, Davidson, I. [25] His study of the classics prompted him to aspire to Roman virtues, but he sought to emulate Rousseau's citizen-soldier in particular. [l] Madame Roland wrote to a friend: "We are under the knife of Robespierre and Marat, those who would agitate the people."[200]. ", This page was last edited on 7 October 2021, at 11:50. Essay from the year 2011 in the subject History - Miscellaneous, grade: A, Lindenwood University, language: English, abstract: As one of the key leaders during the “Second Revolution,” it comes as no surprise that Maximilien Robespierre ... Richard T. Bienvenu (1968) The Ninth of Thermidor, p. 212, Richard T. Bienvenu (1968) The Ninth of Thermidor, p. 235, Richard T. Bienvenu (1968) The Ninth of Thermidor, p. 223, Richard T. Bienvenu (1968) The Ninth of Thermidor, p. 219, Richard T. Bienvenu (1968) The Ninth of Thermidor, p. 225, Edme Bonaventure COURTOIS, Rapport fait au nom des comit辿s de Salut public et de S短ret辿 g辿n辿rale sur les 辿v辿nements du 9 thermidor an II ..., Paris, imprimerie nationale, an IV, p. 202, L. Blanc (1861) Histoire de la R辿volution Fran巽aise, Vol. "Punish the traitors, purge the bureau of the Committee of General Security, purge the Committee itself, and subordinate it to the Committee of Public Safety, purge the Committee of Public Safety itself and create a unified government under the supreme authority of the Convention". [534] Within a year, Carnot the minister of war reversed several measures and became the enemy of Saint-Just. Now extremists and indulgents joined against him. [25], In 1941 Marc Bloch, a French historian, sighed disillusioned (a year before he decided to join the French Resistance): "Robespierrists, anti-robespierrists ... for pity's sake, just tell us who was Robespierre? 1906. in Haydon and Doyle, eds. Those who were not actively defending France became his enemy. Furet, 1989, p. 149. [157][158] Sergent-Marceau and Panis, the administrators of police, were sent out by P辿tion to urge the Sans-culottes to lay down their weapons, telling them it was illegal to present a petition in arms (to demand the king to apply the constitution, accept the decrees, and recall the ministers). [300] The Revolutionary Tribunal was reorganized and divided into four sections, of which two were always active at the same time. In arguing for a judgment by the elected Convention without trial, Robespierre supported the recommendations of Jean-Baptiste Mailhe, who headed the commission reporting on legal aspects of Louis's trial or judgment. Robespierre was the son of a lawyer in Arras. Maximilien de Robespierre was born in Arras in the old French province of Artois. In: L�����uvre, vol. Opposing Pierre-Louis Bentabole Robespierre simply called for an inquiry into the circumstances of his death. Lavoine, A. [242][420] On 1 July, Robespierre spoke in the Jacobin club: "In London, I am denounced to the French army as a dictator; the same slanders have been repeated in Paris. Robespierre argued that the dethroned king could now function only as a threat to liberty and national peace and that the members of the Assembly were not to be impartial judges but rather statesmen with responsibility for ensuring public safety: Louis was a king, and our republic is established; the critical question concerning you must be decided by these words alone. Robespierre urged the arrest of the Girondins. In 1936 G辿rard Walter drew up a list of over 10,000 works on Robespierre, and much has been done since.". Su nombre completo era Maximilien François Marie Isidore de Robespierre, también conocido por su apodo de «el Incorruptible». [98] Article III specifically recognised the right of active citizens to meet together to draw up petitions and addresses and present them to municipal authorities. This nuanced perspective on a historical subject will reveal that truth and justice have many versions, and it responds to the ongoing inquiry: who was Maximilien Robespierre? He was dragged up the scaffold by force. The leaders of the "arm辿es r辿volutionnaires" were denounced by the Revolutionary Tribunal as accomplices of H辿bert. Librairie Jouaust. [179] (Fouquier-Tinville was appointed as president.) In October, after Robespierre proposed in vain to close the convention, the Committee declared itself a revolutionary government. Call on us!" Walter, G. (1961) Robespierre, p. 478. London. The committees have thought it best to restore to the National Guard its democratic organization. On 4 June 1793, a delegation of sans-culottes and men of colour, led by Chaumette, presented to the convention a petition requesting the general freedom of the blacks in the colonies. On 3 September, the French Constitution of 1791 was installed. Davidson, Ian. [444][445], Gathering in secret, nine members of the two committees decided that it was all or nothing; after exactly one year in power Robespierre had to be voted off. Davidson, I. On 9 May, the Assembly discussed the right to petition. Shortly after, troops from the National Convention stormed the building and seized and arrested Robespierre and his followers. On 16 November 1791 P辿tion was elected mayor of Paris in a contest against Lafayette. He practiced law in Arras, which provided him with a comfortable income. [513] On 30 July Courtois took in custody Robespierre's books by Corneille, Voltaire, Rousseau, Mably, Locke, Bacon, Pope, articles by Addison and Steele in The Spectator, an English and Italian dictionary, an English grammar, and the Bible. J. Roosendaal (2003) Bataven! Saint-Just declared in negotiations with Bar竪re that he was prepared to make concessions on the subordinate position of the Committee of General Security. In 1789, in the midst of the French Revolution, a shy and awkward young lawyer from Arras came to Paris and soon found himself at the center of events. [504][505], For the remainder of the night, Robespierre was laid in an antechamber of the Committee of General Security. "[346][347] From 13 February to 13 March 1794, Robespierre had withdrawn from active business on the Committee due to illness. Maximilien de Robespierre. He attended a meeting of the Jacobin club in June 1794 to support a decree ending slavery, and later signed orders to ratify it. She was accused of organizing a revolt against the patriots and the tribunal to free her husband and Danton. [322] His landlord, Maurice Duplay, became a member of the "Tribunal R辿volutionair". Sau này, nhiều người đã tố cáo Robespierre là kẻ độc tài, khát máu, mị dân, nhưng cũng có những . In May he had successfully proposed that all new deputies be elected to the next legislature so that, as a new body, it would better express the people’s will. )[461] (The story about Marie Th辿r竪se de Choiseul who would be one of the last guillotined in the afternoon, is not well known. Su padre, Maximilien-Barthélémy-François de Robespierre, era un importante abogado; y su madre, Jacqueline-Marguerite Carraut, era conocida en la ciudad por ser la hija de un cervecero. "Robespierre, the Duke of York, and Pisistratus During the French Revolutionary Terror", The Law of Prairial and the Great Terror (Fall, year IV), 'Come and Dine': The Dangers of Conspicuous Consumption in French Revolutionary Politics, 1789���1795' by Marisa Linton and Mette Harder, Memoirs of Fouch辿, Duke of Otranto. N属283, 1990. p. 50, Bulletin de l���Assembl辿e nationale, 15 juillet 1789. In 1791, Robespierre became an outspoken advocate for male citizens without a political voice, for their unrestricted admission to the National Guard, to public offices, and for the right to carry arms in self defence. Is it not He who, from the beginning of time, decreed for all the ages and for all peoples liberty, good faith, and justice? Intoxicated with his virtue, Robespierre announced a new wave of purification. Jaargang 36, https://scholarworks.umass.edu/history_oapubs/2, "The Myth of the Foreign Enemy? The French Revolution, p. 161. Robespierre became intrigued by the idea of a "virtuous self", a man who stands alone accompanied only by his conscience. From a petit bourgeois family in Arras, in the French department of Pas-de-Calais, Robespierre lost his mother at an early age and was abandoned by his father at the age of seven, and raised by his maternal . Maximilien François Marie Isidore de Robespierre (French: [mak.si.mi.ljɛ̃ fʁɑ̃.swa ma.ʁi i.zi.dɔʁ də ʁɔ.bɛs.pjɛʁ]; 6 May 1758 - 28 July 1794) is one of the best-known leaders of the French Revolution.He was born in Arras, France and he went to school to become a lawyer and got his degree at law school. [437] He addressed the moderate party, by reminding them that they were indebted to him for the lives of the 73 Girondins. In the latter months of 1793 he came to dominate the Committee of Public Safety, the principal organ of the Revolutionary government during the Reign of Terror, but in 1794 he was overthrown and executed in the Thermidorian Reaction. On July 27, 1794, Robespierre and a number of his followers were arrested at the Hôtel de Ville in Paris. William J. Murray (1986) The right-wing press in the French Revolution 1789-792 Royal Historical Society Studies in History 44, p. 1, P. McPhee (2016) Liberty or Death, p. 172. [282], On 27 July 1793, Robespierre was added to the Committee of Public Safety and replaced Gasparin who would be sent to the Army of the Alps and Marseille. Most Montagnards favoured judgment and execution, while the Girondins were more divided concerning how to proceed, with some arguing for royal inviolability, others for clemency, and others advocating lesser punishment or banishment. [224] 26 December was the day of the last hearing of the King. He is the secondary antagonist of the 2014 video game Assassin's Creed: Unity. Robespierre, who attended the Jacobin club, did not dare to go back to the Rue Saintonge where he lodged, and so asked Laurent Lecointre if he knew a patriot near the Tuileries who could put him up for the night. Robespierre promoted a people's army, continuously under arms and able to impose its will on Feuillants and Girondins in the Constitutional Cabinet of Louis XVI and in the Legislative Assembly.